MicroRNA Regulation of Cbx7 Mediates a Switch of Polycomb Orthologs during ESC Differentiation
这篇文章就是做了CBX7的perturbation实验。
The Polycomb Group (PcG) of chromatin modifiers regulates pluripotency and differentiation.
PRC1 很复杂,Cbx (Cbx2, Cbx4, Cbx6, Cbx7, or Cbx8); Ring1A or Ring1B; PHC (PHC1, PHC2, or PHC3); PCGF (PCGF1, PCGF2, PCGF3, PCGF4, PCGF5, or PCGF6); and RYBP or YAF2
就是 Polycomb (Pc), Posterior sex combs (Psc), Polyhomeotic (Ph), and Sex combs extra (Sce) proteins ,在哺乳动物里面有five Pc, six Psc, three Ph, and two Sce orthologs
而在ESC里面,起主要作用的是CBX7。如果ESC细胞开始分化,那么CBX7会下降,而受它抑制的Cbx2, Cbx4, and Cbx8会上升。
外源过表达CBX7,或者抑制它,会抑制或者促进ESC的分化。
PRC2 的EZH2会催化H3K27me3 ,而PRC1的一个组分(cbx7)可以读取(识别)H3K27me3 从而被招募过来,行使H2AK119ub的功能。
pluripotency network相关的TFs有Sox2, Oct4, and Nanog,对5个Pc来说,它们的唯一target是CBX7,作者用了两套siRNAs 系统来knocked down Cbx7,并且经过了qRT-PCR 验证,发现ESC细胞系开始分化,无法维持全能性。而这样的表型与knocked down 那些pluripotency network相关的TFs有Sox2, Oct4, and Nanog的类似的。
为了防止是siRNA的off-target 效应,作者还做了shRNA (pLKO-shCbx7.1) that targets the 3′UTR of Cbx7 实验来验证。
同理作者也做了ESCs overexpressing Cbx7实验,强烈抑制了X chromosome inactivation现象。
作者猜测是miRNA在调控CBX7,所以设计了mouse Cbx7-3′UTR reporter (psiCHECK2-Cbx7-3′UTR) 跟371个已知的miRNA文库做筛查实验,设定阈值挑选到 miR-125 和 miR-181 。所以设计了这两个miRNA的质粒载体来做实验验证。
Nonoverlapping Functions of the Polycomb Group Cbx Family of Proteins in Embryonic Stem Cells
观点就是:Maintenance of pluripotency primarily depends on Cbx7, while lineage commitment is orchestrated by Cbx2 and Cbx4.
以前认为PRC2 and PRC1共同且统一的增加H3K27me3 and H2AK119Ub1使得转录更加抑制。
作者做了Ring1B (PRC1), Suz12 (PRC2)还有H3K27me3, H3K4me3, and H3K36me3这些ChIP-seq数据,并且都分析出来了它们各自的target genes
We identified 2,349 Cbx7 target genes, of which 96.7% were co-occupied by Ring1B(说明Ring1B and Cbx7的调控基因大量共享)
We found an overlap of 96.9% between Cbx7 and Suz12 target genes, of which 85.6% were also decorated with H3K27me3
然后是这些peaks的各种overlap情况说明,分别是哪些gene list,这些gene list的GO/KEGG分析结果如何。
然后是细胞学实验,a control and two stable Cbx7 knockdown ESC lines (shRNA-CTR, shRNA-Cbx7#31, and shRNA-Cbx7#33) 这3个细胞系,并且用芯片做了表达测量。
A comparative gene expression profile between control and Cbx7-depleted ESCs revealed altered expression of 1,886 genes, of which 833 were upregulated and 1,053 were downregulated
同时把这些上调下调基因跟上面的各种ChIP-seq数据得到的target genes做overlap分析。
Ring1B 结合的基因高达16,028个, 说明它有着广泛调控作用。这些基因并不都会结合Cbx2 or Cbx4.但是96.4% of Cbx4 (7,160) and 99% of Cbx2 (1,400)都会结合Ring1B
RYBP-PRC1 Complexes Mediate H2A Ubiquitylation at Polycomb Target Sites Independently of PRC2 and H3K27me3
以前通常认为,PRC2催化形成的H3K27me3可以招募PRC1到核小体上面,从而发挥H2AK119Ub1作用,但是PRC1/H2AK119u1的目标基因跟H3K27me3并非完全重合。
作者在PRC2-deficient mouse ESCs里面发现PRC1仍然可以被激活,原来是RYBP-PRC1,而还参与 Xist RNA-mediated silencing!
首先得到并证明 PRC2 null mESCs, H3K27me3 was depleted in Eed−/−mESCs。虽然PRC1的核心组分RING1B/MEL-18也减少了,但还有残留。而且H2AK119u1水平几乎不改变!
然后还设计conditional knockout (cKO) Eed−/− ESC line,用doxycycline 处理细胞系15天,不改变mESCs的全能性,WB结果表明EED全部去除了,也检测不到H3K27me3 现象。PRC2的另外两个核心组分(EZH2 and SUZ12 )也显著下降。但是H2AK119u1 和RING1B 几乎木有改变!
所以作者做了 RING1B ChIP-sequencing (ChIP-seq) in Eed+/+ and Eed−/− ESCs.
重点研究了Irx2, Msx1,HoxD 这些典型的PcG targets in mESCs ,还有 Oct3/4(有表达),Gata1(沉默)这样的典型的Non-PcG target loci。那么敲除EED前后的RING1B的peaks文件就需要详细解释。用的是MACS软件,前者有2,347 个peaks,后者有1,810 个!它们实际上非常类似。this pattern can be observed when comparing to input sample but is not recognized as a peak due to increased background relative to signal.
同样的,对这些gene list做了GO/KEGG分析,而还跟CpG islands做了比较。
总之说明了,EED对RING1B影响不大
MG132 是一个 reversible proteasome inhibitor(可逆性蛋白酶体抑制剂) 可以针对性的去除H2AK119u1 ,因为我们怀疑虽然PRC2催化形成的H3K27me3可以招募PRC1到核小体,但是一旦招募上了PRC1,形成了H2AK119u1 ,它就可以形成正反馈自己招募自己,持续增强!结果表明这个猜想是对的!
因为RING1B也不能完全代表PRC1, Because RING1B associates with non-PRC1 complexes,有人认为,MEL-18(PGRF2)是 core PRC1 protein , 还有一个是BMI1,就是PGRF4。所以作者设计了一个非常复杂的实验系统,LC-MS/MS(liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry) 涵盖了 PRC1所有组分,说明了RYBP 的可以招募PRC1重要性。而且在其它细胞系neural stem cells (NSCs)做了实验,说明RYBP with MEL-18的相互作用不是细胞特异性的。
当然RYBP 也不能完全代表PRC1,它还参与E2F6 和BCOR 复合物。RYBP and CBX 蛋白都结合在RING1B 同样的表面,所以它们是互斥的。
接着作者做了 ChIP analysis for RYBP in Eed4 WT and Eed4 cKO mESCs 发现RYBP 的结合并没有被显著改变。而且加入MG132的处理,也是类似的结果,所以说明并不是PRC2催化H3K27me3从而招募PRC1催化形成H2AK119u1 来招募RYBP 。
接着又做了 ChIP-seq analysis of RYBP and CBX7 occupancy in Eed+/+ and Eed−/− mESCs.
H2AK119u1 是X染色体失活这个现象的marker, inactive X chromosome (Xi) ,作者又设计了实验证明 Xi现象就是 RYBP-PRC1造成的,而且不依赖于 H3K27me3。
为了探究 RYBP 在维持H2AK119u1水平的发挥的直接功能。然后又设计几种shRNA hairpins 来去除 RYBP ,在 Eed+/+and Eed−/− mESCs 探究 H2AK119u1水平,结果 RYBP knockdown的确显著的降低了H2AK119u1水平,在这两种细胞系。但是作者发现了一个附加现象,去除RYBP 几乎无法维持干细胞的未分化状态,而且RING1B 水平也显著下降。
RYBP and Cbx7 Define Specific Biological Functions of Polycomb Complexes in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells
PRC1的组分异常复杂,包括 Cbx (Cbx2, Cbx4, Cbx6, Cbx7, or Cbx8); Ring1A or Ring1B; PHC (PHC1, PHC2, or PHC3); PCGF (PCGF1, PCGF2, PCGF3, PCGF4, PCGF5, or PCGF6); and RYBP or YAF2.
其中,a Ring1A/B E3 ligase subunit that monoubiquitinates histone H2A at lysine 119 (H2AK119ub)
但不是说都必须要有,而是它们的组合,形成了各种各样的PRC1,但是都统一叫做PRC1。
比如在mouse的ESCs里面,就有两种PRC1,它们的 Cbx7 or RYBP 是不可能共存的!我们可以把它们分别叫做, Cbx7-PRC1, RYBP-PRC1
Cbx7 的功能是把 Ring1B 招募到染色质上面,是必须的。它结合的基因多参与 early-lineage commitment of ESCs.
RYBP 可以增强PRC1的酶活性,它结合的基因大多参与,regulation of metabolism and cell-cycle progression
RYBP 结合的基因要比 CBX7 结合的基因表达量高。 因为CBX7结合的同时,会招募PRC2这个抑制marker。
而PRC2 deposits the histone H3 lysine 27 trimethyl repressive mark (H3K27me3) through the Ezh1/2 histone methyltransferase enzymes.
如何描述它们这些peaks的交叉情况呢?
We observed an overlap of RYBP peaks (3,918 in total) with 14%, 42%, and 37% of Cbx7, Ring1B, and Suz12 peaks, respectively
Moreover, although more than 90% of Cbx7 peaks contained Ring1B and Suz12, 20% were also bound by RYBP
尽管RYBP and Cbx7 在大部分情况下都是互相排斥的,但是也在少部分基因组区域存在共定位的现象。
Ring1B / Suz12的peaks情况可以被 Cbx7 和 RYBP 的peaks情况说明:
RYBP and Cbx7 都有的地方,有着高Ring1B/Suz12
Cbx7 but not RYBP的地方,Ring1B/Suz12会稍微低一点
RYBP but not Cbx7的地方,Ring1B/Suz12会更低一点
RYBP and Cbx7 都没有的地方,Ring1B/Suz12就最少!
RYBP的peaks的中点在TSS处,而其它peaks都在TSS下游一点点。
用Sequential ChIP (re-ChIP)实验的确可以看到RYBP和CBX7的peaks有重合。
而且RYBP还有一些peaks是其它PRC1所没有的,说明它可以独立于PRC1发挥作用
H2AK119ub 与 Ring1B/Suz12正相关,但是与RYBP只有25.7%交叉,与CBX7有着72%交叉,所以可以把 PRC1 target genes分成3类:
a first set with Cbx7/Ring1B/H2AK119ub; ~~~~GO/KEGG分析,
a second that contains RYBP and lower levels of Ring1B/H2AK119ub
a third set cobound by RYBP/Cbx7/Ring1B and that also contains H2AK119ub.
然后这些所有的gene list都可以拿去做GO/KEGG分析,看看是不是有什么biological meaning !
genes co-occupied by Ring1B/Cbx7/RYBP and H2AK119ub are involved in system development.
genes containing RYBP/Ring1B/H2AK119ub, but not Cbx7, have a strong association with the M phase of the meiotic cycle and cellular metabolism
genes with Cbx7/Ring1B/H2AK119ub are involved in developmental processes and mesoderm specification,
those containing RYBP/Cbx7/Ring1B/H2AK119ub predominantly represent the ectodermal fate and, to a lesser extent, mesoderm and endoderm fates
超过700的基因有 RYBP/Cbx7/Ring1B的peaks,所以作者敲除 Cbx7 看看 RYBP的peaks是否会变化,但是没有做CHIP-seq,只是做了ChIP-qPCR
下面这个结论很重要:
Overall, our ChIP-seq analysis allowed us to identify five types of genes according to the occupancy of PRC1 and PRC2: those with
(1) Ring1B/Cbx7/RYBP and Suz12 (725 genes);
(2) Ring1B/Cbx7/Suz12, but not RYBP (1,527 genes);
(3) Ring1B/RYBP/Suz12, but not Cbx7 (861 genes);
(4) only Ring1B and Suz12 (1,694 genes); or
(5) RYBP but no Polycomb proteins (1,674)